Ahmaddul Hadi, Sandi Rahmadika, Ulfia Rahmi, Harashta Tatimma Larasati, Bayu Ramadhani Fajrin
Decentralized technologies such as blockchain and federated learning have emerged as promising solutions to improve privacy, transparency, and security in distributed environments. This paper aims to provide updated research directions concerning the unresolved issues of linkability and traceability in decentralized technology transactions. A systematic review was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering studies published between 2017 and 2023. A total of 313 papers were initially identified, screened, and filtered based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 29 relevant studies. The analysis indicates that most prior works focused on privacy preservation and incentive mechanisms but neglected linkability and traceability concerns. Several approaches, including ring signatures, CryptoNote protocols, and smart contract-based incentives, were identified as potential solutions. While blockchain–federated learning integration enhances privacy, unresolved traceability and linkability issues still pose significant risks in sensitive domains such as healthcare and finance. Future work should prioritize addressing these issues to ensure secure, anonymous, and scalable decentralized transactions. © 2025; Los autores.
Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia; Department of Educational Technology, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia; Department of Information Security, Graduate School, Pukyong National University, South Korea; School of Vocational, Universitas Negeri Padang, Sumatera Barat, 25173, Indonesia; STEM Enculturation Research Centre, Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
