Khursheed Muzammil, Saba Rayyani, Ahmed Abbas Sahib, Omid Gholizadeh, Hayder Naji Sameer, Tareq Jwad Kazem, Haneen Badran Mohammed, Hesam Ghafouri Kalajahi, Rahadian Zainul, Saman Yasamineh
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus, and zoonosis, and affects large regions of Asia, Southwestern and Southeastern Europe, and Africa. CCHFV can produce symptoms, including no specific clinical symptoms, mild to severe clinical symptoms, or deadly infections. Virus isolation attempts, antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are all possible diagnostic tests for CCHFV. Furthermore, an efficient, quick, and cheap technology, including biosensors, must be designed and developed to detect CCHFV. The goal of this article is to offer an overview of modern laboratory tests available as well as other innovative detection methods such as biosensors for CCHFV, as well as the benefits and limits of the assays. Furthermore, confirmed cases of CCHF are managed with symptomatic assistance and general supportive care. This study examined the various treatment modalities, as well as their respective limitations and developments, including immunotherapy and antivirals. Recent biotechnology advancements and the availability of suitable animal models have accelerated the development of CCHF vaccines by a substantial margin. We examined a range of potential vaccines for CCHF in this research, comprising nucleic acid, viral particles, inactivated, and multi-epitope vaccines, as well as the present obstacles and developments in this field. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive summary of the endeavors dedicated to advancing various diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies for CCHF infection in anticipation of forthcoming hazards. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s) 2024.
Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushait Campus, Abha, 62561, Saudi Arabia; Medical Faculty, University of Georgi, Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Pharmacy, Mazaya University College, Dhi Qar, Iraq; Azad Researcher, Virology and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran; Collage of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, 64001, Iraq; Scientific Affairs Department, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Optics techniques department, health and medical techniques college, Al-Noor University, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia; Center for Advanced Material Processing, Artificial Intelligence, and Biophysics Informatics (CAMPBIOTICS), Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
