Elfizon, Mohammed I. Alghamdi, Ahmed Hussien Radhi Alawadi, Ahmed Alzahmi
The Editors-in-Chief have retracted this article because Figs. 1–6; Tables 1–11, and textual content are duplicated from an unpublished PhD thesis by Ahmed Abouaiana. Separately, author Ahmed Alzahmi has stated that he was not aware of this article or the research it reports prior to its publication. Mohammed I. Alghamdi Elfizon did not explicitly state whether they agree or disagree with this retraction. The remaining authors did not respond to correspondence from the publisher about this retraction. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
Department of Teknik Elektro, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia; Department of Computer Science, Al-Baha University, Al‑Baha, Saudi Arabia; Computer Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 47512, Saudi Arabia
