Hendra Hidayat, Ika Parma Dewi, Acep Hidayat, Sarah Aphirta, I Gusti Ngurah Wiras Hardy, Norharyanti Mohsin
Several previous publications examined factors influencing students’ learning competence. The focus was on learning through educational applications. Reports that simultaneously address smartphone usage habits, information overload, digital literacy, and future time perspective within a single analysis remain limited. This gap requires empirical data obtained through scientific procedures. The aim of this study is to analyze these factors through both direct and indirect relationships. An android-based learning application called ELECTRODOC has been implemented. The study involved 147 students from the electronic engineering program at several universities in Indonesia. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Importance Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) with SmartPLS 3. The results demonstrate that all four predictors, i.e., smartphone habits, information overload, digital literacy, and future time perspective, exert a direct, positive, and significant influence on learning personal competence. Smartphone habits significantly influence outcomes directly and indirectly through digital literacy and future time perspective, although they do not have a significant impact on information overload. When examined collectively through the IPMA, the future time perspective appears as the dimension to be maintained, given its high importance and strong performance, while digital literacy is the prioritized area for improvement, given its high importance but relatively lower performance in supporting learning personal competence. The combined evidence from the SEM and IPMA analyses indicates that improving personal competence in learning requires an integrated focus on all four predictors. © 2026, Politeknik Negeri Padang. All rights reserved.
Department of Electronics Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia; Department of Civil Engineering, Mercu Buana University, Indonesia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Trisakti University, Indonesia; Department of Architecture, Nusa Cendana University, Indonesia; Department of Curriculum and Instructional Technology, Faculty of Education, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
