Anny Sulaswatty, Hainur Aini, Rama Wide Kasih Bratha, Egi Agustian, Benni Ramadhoni, Hendris Hendarsyah Kurniawan, Dayu Dian Perwata Sari, Erdiansyah Rezamela, Hafiizh Prasetia, Muhammad Al Muttaqii
This study optimized the production of bio-briquettes from tea twig waste (Camellia sinensis) by integrating controlled pyrolysis, damar resin as a binder, and post-moulding immersion in used cooking oil using a Design of Experiment (DoE) integrated with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The investigated responses included moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorific value, and compressive strength. The optimum conditions predicted by the model were a biochar particle size of 520 µm, a damar resin concentration of 20%, and an oil immersion time of 3 min. Validation experiments under these conditions produced bio-briquettes with a moisture content of 3.14%, ash content of 3.68%, volatile matter of 13.23%, fixed carbon of 79.95%, calorific value of 8422.66 cal/g, and compressive strength of 11.24 N/cm². The results confirm that the optimized bio-briquettes met the relevant requirements of SNI 01–6235–2000 and Japanese quality standards, demonstrating their potential as a higher-value solid fuel derived from tea plantation residues. © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Research Center for Molecular Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Building 452 KST BJ Habibie, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, West Sumatera, 25171, Indonesia; SMK SMTI Padang, Ministry of Industry, West Sumatera, 25171, Indonesia; Directorate of Laboratory Management, Research, Facilities, and Science and Technology Park - National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gedung B.J. Habibie, Jalan M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia; Research Center for Agroindustry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia; Indonesia Research Institute for Tea and Cinchona, West Java, Bandung, 40972, Indonesia; Research Center for Catalysis, National Research and Innovation Agency, Building 452 KST BJ Habibie, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
