Husnul Kausarian, Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo, Batara Batara, Muhammad Zainuddin Lubis, Wenang Anurogo, Pakhrur Razi, Fitri Mairizki
This study explores the dynamics of wetland and dryland transitions in Northwestern Riau, Indonesia, using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery combined with advanced geospatial indices. The analysis employs the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) to evaluate changes in vegetation, water content, and soil moisture distribution over time. The findings highlight substantial shifts between wetland and dryland conditions, particularly in coastal and lowland areas, influenced by seasonal variations and human activities such as land conversion and agricultural expansion. The NDVI identifies dense vegetation in inland regions, while the MNDWI and NDMI reveal extensive wetland zones along coastal areas. By integrating geospatial indices with GIS-based mapping, this study provides valuable insights into environmental dynamics, offering a robust framework for monitoring and managing wetland ecosystems. This research underscores the potential of remote sensing technologies in supporting sustainable land use planning, environmental conservation, and effective ecosystem management in rapidly evolving landscapes. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026.
Engineering Geological Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia; Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Geomatics Technology Program, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Batam, 29461, Indonesia; College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Center of Disaster Monitoring and Earth Observation, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
