A.S. Norfarhana, R.A. Ilyas, A. Nazrin, Salit Mohd Sapuan, R.M.O. Syafiq, P.S. Khoo, Abu Hassan Nordin, Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran, Dominic C. D. Midhun, H.S.N. Hawanis, Nasmi Herlina Sari, Melbi Mahardika, Mochamad Asrofi, Hairul Abral
Nanocellulose is a product of cellulose, a sustainable and plentiful resource. It's distinctive nanoscale structure makes it a versatile, green and interesting material for a variety of applications. This article describes in detail the biosources of nanocellulose, the types and characteristics of nanocellulose, and the techniques used to produce nanocellulose fibers. The mechanical properties and morphologies of nanocellulose fibers are addressed in depth, along with their prospective applications in sectors, including paper packaging, building materials, composites, biomedicine, energy storage and filtration. In addition, the current state of nanocellulose research, including the opportunities in the field, as well as the future prospects of nanocellulose as a viable and sustainable material for a vast array of applications, are discussed. © 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. All rights reserved.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, 81310, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, 81310, Malaysia; Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia; Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center (AEMC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia; Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, P C-311, Oman; Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, Kerala, Thevara, 682013, India; Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia; Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Jember, Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, 25173, Indonesia; Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
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