Yoga Candra Ditya, Majariana Krisanti, Agus Djoko Utomo, Muhammad Ramdhan, Sugeng Joko Purnomo, Mudjijono, Luky Adrianto, Sigid Hariyadi, Aprizon Putra, Andri Dermawan, Ari Wahyono
Understanding the interactions between human and natural systems is crucial for building sustainable futures in marine and island social-ecological systems, especially in response to ecological crises such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures OECMs provide a pathway to strengthen and complement existing protected areas, acknowledging that conservation can occur in areas managed by Indigenous Peoples IPs , Local Communities LCs , and private-sector actors. This study aims to provide a systematic synthesis of the evolution of studies on Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures OECMs in marine and island social-ecological systems between 2014 and June 2024 through a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA guided systematic literature review of Scopus-indexed, English-language journal articles structured by the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome PICO framework and complemented by bibliometric analysis. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines for study identification, screening, and inclusion and was applied to Scopus-indexed articles, identifying 162 eligible publications, of which 20 papers on OECMs were selected for qualitative synthesis. These 20 papers comprise conceptual or policy-framing articles, guidance and criteria-setting documents, and case studies situated within, or linked to, the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD , Aichi Target 11, SDG 14.5, and the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework KMGBF target 3 30 30. Governance, rights, and social safeguards emerged as the most frequently discussed theme, alongside conceptualization and relationships to protected areas, marine, coastal, and island applications, and contributions to global conservation targets. Taken together, the evidence suggests that effective OECMs in marine and island social-ecological systems function as complementary governance configurations that integrate biodiversity outcomes, equity, and context-specific seascapes rather than serving as additional polygons for meeting coverage targets. © 2026 Institution for Marine and Island Cultures, Mokpo National University.
IPB University, epartment of Aquatic Resources Management, Dramaga-Bogor, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia; National Research and Innovation Agency, Research Center for Biota Systems, Cibinong-Bogor, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia; National Research and Innovation Agency, Research Center for Geoinformatics, Bandung, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia; Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, 83352, Indonesia; Research Center for Society and Culture, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Jakarta, Jakarta, 12710, Indonesia; Research Centre for Ecology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia; Postgraduate of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, 25134, Indonesia
