Rahmahtrisilvia Rahmahtrisilvia, Widi Kumara Jaga Paramuditha, Risca Amani
Toilet training is a fundamental skill crucial for fostering independence in children, including those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, conventional approaches to toilet training are often ineffective due to communication limitations experienced by children with ASD. This study aims to develop an Augmented Reality (AR)-based learning media to help children with ASD understand the stages of toilet training visually and interactively. The development followed the ADDIE model and utilized software such as Unity, Blender, Vuforia Engine, and CorelDRAW. Validation results indicated a very high level of media feasibility, with content expert validity reaching 89.6% and media expert validity at 92.5%. Practicality assessment by teachers also showed high results, at 92.6%, indicating that the media is considered highly practical for use in learning. The media was tested on nine children with ASD aged 7–10 years using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test showed a statistically significant improvement in toilet training skills (Z = −2.666; p = 0.008), leading to the conclusion that the use of AR media is effective in supporting toilet training programs for children with ASD. © 2026 The British Society of Developmental Disabilities.
Departement of Special Education, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
