Dieter Rahmadiawan, Akmal, Hairul Abral, Muhammad Adlan Azka, S.M. Sapuan, Kadriadi, Dian Handayani, Dilla Ghania Putri, Upik Tadzkia Khairani, Ahmad Zikri, Shih-Chen Shi
This study explores the valorization of Syzygium polyanthum leaves as a renewable biomass resource for the fabrication of bioactive polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite films. A solvent-selective extraction approach was employed using distilled water, ethanol, and methanol to isolate phytochemicals with different polarities, thereby demonstrating a separation strategy relevant to biorefinery processes. The extracted bioactives, rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and chlorophyll, were incorporated into PVA films and systematically evaluated for their optical, mechanical, thermal, moisture barrier, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The results reveal that solvent choice critically determines extract composition and, consequently, film performance. Methanol-extracted bioactives produced films with superior UV-blocking and antimicrobial activity, while ethanol extracts enhanced red-light absorption due to higher chlorophyll content. Water-based extracts yielded films with the greatest mechanical reinforcement, highlighting solvent–polymer compatibility. This work demonstrates how solvent-mediated separation of biomass-derived compounds can be leveraged to tailor the performance of lignocellulose-derived composites. The findings underscore the potential of integrating extraction–separation strategies within biorefinery concepts to generate functional bio-based materials for sustainable packaging applications. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Sumatera Barat, Padang, 25173, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Selangor, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia; Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Sumatera Barat, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, 16059, Turkey; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia
