Ricvan Dana Nindrea, Armaita, Ainil Mardiah, Long Chiau Ming, Ismeldi Syarief, Muhammad Syarif Khairullah Suryadharma Putra, Nadyne Falisha, Regita Ayu Cahyani, Tsania Faiza Mardhatillah, Novia Elsaputri
Delays in receiving a breast cancer (BC) diagnosis and treatment continue to be a major public health concern, particularly in environments where financial status, cultural values, and religious beliefs have a significant impact on how individuals react to disease. However, there are still few established, culturally appropriate instruments for assessing Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs and comprehending how they contribute to patient delay. In this study, a protocol for evaluating HBM components and investigating their connection to patient delay among patients with BC in West Sumatra, Indonesia, is presented. A 31-item questionnaire encompassing six HBM domains: perceived risk, severity, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action was used to gather data from 250 BCE patients in this cross-sectional study. Exploratory factor analysis revealed five meaningful latent constructs, and one poorly performing item was removed to strengthen the instrument. Good internal consistency was shown by the final tool (Cronbach's α: 0.809–0.871). Associations between HBM components and patient delay were then examined through logistic regression using crude and adjusted models. The protocol proved practical and feasible in a community setting. © 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, Indonesia; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Psychology and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia; School of Pharmacy, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia; Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (deemed to be University), Sawangi (M), Wardha, India; Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr. Achmad Mochtar Hospital, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
