Khang Wen Goh, Burhan Ul Islam Khan, Abdul Raouf Khan, Dwi Sudarno Putra, Suresh Sankaranarayanan, Md. Alamin Bhuyian
Blockchain technology promises secure digital asset management, yet existing solutions struggle to protect dynamically generated Machine-Created Elements (MCE). This paper introduces the Blockchain-Based Online Virtual Store (BOVS), a dual-tier blockchain framework designed to securely handle large volumes of evolving MCE assets in online marketplaces. Hence, BOVS introduces a user-centric blockchain solution that offers enhanced security and robustness, supporting sustainable economic growth in digital economies while addressing the shortcomings of conventional non-fungible token (NFT) and digital rights management (DRM) systems. The local agreement module manages real-time interactions, while the global agreement module ensures overall marketplace integrity, reputation management, and infringement detection. A community-driven reporting mechanism, using visual hashing, discourages fraudulent listings and content duplication. Extensive experimental validation demonstrates that BOVS significantly reduces latency, gas consumption, and processing overhead compared to leading blockchain platforms. Rigorous security analyses confirm its resilience against major threats, including Sybil infiltration, replay attacks, and data forging. Consequently, BOVS emerges as a scalable, secure, and efficient solution for next-generation blockchain marketplaces focused on AI-driven content generation and high-throughput virtual commerce. © The Author(s) 2025.
Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia; Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Department of Computer Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, 25132, Indonesia; Department of Computer Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
