Ganesh Bushi, Abhay M. Gaidhane, Nasir Vadia, Soumya V. Menon, Kattela Chennakesavulu, Rajashree Panigrahi, Muhammed Shabil, Diptismita Jena, Harish Kumar, Anju Rani, Sanjit Sah, Mahendra Pratap Singh, Swastik Subhankar Sahu, Suraj Tiwari, Khang Wen Goh
Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hypertension (HTN) are common conditions with substantial health burdens. While prior studies suggest a link between GERD and HTN, findings remain inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the relationship between GERD and HTN. Method: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase was conducted to identify observational studies published through December 2024. Studies evaluating the prevalence and association between GERD and HTN were included. Screening and data extraction were performed using Nested Knowledge software, with quality assessed via the Modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to calculate pooled prevalence and risk estimates, while heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic. Publication bias was evaluated using DOI and funnel plots. Results: Twelve studies, with sample sizes ranging from 71 to 12 960 participants, were included. The pooled prevalence of HTN among GERD patients was 16.80% (95% CI: 6.28%–31.02%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 99%). The pooled risk ratio (RR) for HTN was 1.381 (95% CI: 0.992–1.922) and heterogeneity (I2 = 76%) highlighted variability. Sensitivity analyses and publication bias were evident. Conclusion: GERD is a potential risk factor for HTN, with GERD patients demonstrating an elevated likelihood of developing HTN. Future research is required to investigate the underlying mechanisms and confounding factors that may influence this association. © 2025 The Author(s). JGH Open published by Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Baddi, India; Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia; Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, and Global Health Academy, School of Epidemiology and Public Health. Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India; Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India; Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Microbiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India; University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India; New Delhi Institute of Management, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi, India; Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India; SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Siraha, Nepal; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Department of Medicine, Korea Universtiy, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India; Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
