Prakasini Satapathy, Ashutosh Jena, Abhay M. Gaidhane, Nasir Vadia, Soumya V. Menon, Kattela Chennakesavulu, Rajashree Panigrahi, Manpreet Kaur, Ganesh Bushi, Muhammed Shabil, Mayank Goyal, Harish Kumar, Anju Rani, Sabah Ansar, Sanjit Sah, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Khang Wen Goh, Diptismita Jena
Background: Hernias are a major health concern in India, with varying incidence and prevalence influenced by socio-demographic factors. Despite global advances in hernia management, regional disparities are evident within India. Method: This analysis utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to examine inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias across India from 1990 to 2021, categorized by ICD-10 codes. Key metrics analyzed included prevalence, incidence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), with age-standardized rates (ASRs). The Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) for incidence and mortality, Spearman correlation for assessing the relationship between Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and hernia metrics, and ARIMA models for future trend projections were employed. Result: Between 1990 and 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of hernias in India decreased from 143.85 to 137.05 per 100,000, a reduction of 4.72%, despite a 46% increase in the absolute number of hernia cases due to population growth. Mortality rates significantly declined by 57.05%. DALYs also decreased from 98.01 to 43.51 per 100,000. Projections for 2031 indicate stabilization of incidence rates and an increase in prevalence. Conclusions: Significant improvements in hernia management in India have been achieved over three decades, driven by advances in healthcare and socio-demographic progress. However, the rising number of cases and expected increase in prevalence highlight the need for enhanced healthcare strategies and resource allocation to manage the hernia burden effectively. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2025.
Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia; Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, and Global Health Academy, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marwadi University Research Center, Marwadi University, Gujarat, Rajkot, 360003, India; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India; Department of Microbiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Odisha, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India; Department of Pharmacy, Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Punjab, Mohali, 140307, India; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, Solan, 174103, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, Mohali, India; Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University, Babil, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; IES Institute of Pharmacy, IES University, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, 462044, India; Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi Institute of Management, New Delhi, India; Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, India; Graphic Era Hill University, Clement Town, Dehradun, India; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia; Department of Paediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-Be-University), Pimpri, Maharashtra, Pune, 411018, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-Be-University), Pimpri, Maharashtra, Pune, 411018, India; Department of Medicine, Korea Universtiy, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Evidence Synthesis, Global Consortium of Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Punjab, Rajpura, 140417, India; Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
